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  • Architecture
    • Spanish Architecture Overview
    • Medieval Architecture in Spain.
    • Architecture as Cultural Signpost in Spain.
    • The Great Mosque of Córdoba. La Mezquita.
    • Inside the Great Mosque of Córdoba, Spain.
    • Córdoba’s Cathedral is a Mosque!
    • Córdoba’s Mosque: Muslim Calligraphy and Christian Imagery
    • Alhambra. Historical Introduction.
    • The Alhambra: What’s inside?
    • Entering the Alhambra.
    • Inside the Alhambra. The Nasrid Palace.
    • The Alhambra: Court of the Lions
    • Alhambra. A Case of Two Palaces.
    • Alhambra: The Architecture of Palaces and Power.
    • Alhambra. Architecture with Poetry and Arabesque.
    • San Baudelio. A Gem of Mozarabic Architecture.
    • Castles in Spain. History.
    • Romanesque Architecture. Characteristics.
    • Romanesque Architecture. Catalonia’s Unique Style.
    • Romanesque in Aragón, Navarra, Castile-León
    • Church Architecture and the Reconquista.
    • Cistercian Architecture in Spain.
    • Gothic Architecture. Characteristics.
    • Four Spanish Gothic Cathedrals: Their Historical Meaning.
    • Burgos Cathedral.
    • Renaissance Architecture in 16th-Century Spain
    • Plateresque Style in Spain’s Golden Age Architecture.
    • Charles V’s Palace in the Alhambra. Golden Age Architecture.
    • El Escorial. History, Content, Significance.
    • Antoni Gaudí 1852-1926. A Catalan Architect Par Excellence.
    • Gaudi. El Capricho. Comillas. An Oriental, Gothic Fantasy.
    • Gaudí. Casa Batlló, La Pedrera, Park Güell.
    • Gaudí. La Sagrada Familia. History.
    • Gaudí. La Sagrada Familia.
  • Art
    • Spanish Art Overview
    • Cave Paintings in Spain
    • Romanesque Art and Sculpture in Spain
    • Painting in Spain’s Golden Age. Background and Overview.
    • Spanish Golden Age Art: Religion, Portraits, Landscapes.
    • Golden Age Religious Painting and Flemish Influence.
    • Golden Age Religious Painting and Italian Influence
    • Golden Age Art: Religion, Politics, Art in the 16th Century.
    • Spanish Golden Age Art: Portraits and their Significance.
    • El Greco’s Art: Visionary, Dematerialised, Unearthly.
    • Velázquez’s Early Years and Seville, 1599-1623.
    • Velázquez’s Early Paintings. The Seville Years. 1599-1623.
    • Velázquez. The Immaculate Conception. Vision of St. John.
    • Velázquez’s Adoration of the Magi 1619.
    • Velázquez. Christ in the House of Martha and Mary. The Supper at Emmaus.
    • Velázquez (1599-1660). Bodegones and Daily Life.
    • Velázquez: From Seville to Madrid (The Court) 1623-31.
    • Velázquez. Madrid. Italy. Madrid.1631-60.
    • Velázquez and Classical Mythology. The Rokeby Venus.
    • Velázquez. Mythology. Bacchus. Vulcan. Mars. Mercury.
    • Velázquez. Las Hilanderas or The Fable of Arachne.
    • Velázquez. Las Meninas. Introduction and Status Symbol.
    • Velázquez: Las Meninas (1656) and Reality.
    • Zurbarán 1598-1664. Brief Biography and Review of his Art.
    • Zurbarán. Christ on the Cross. Temptation of St. Jerome.
    • Bartolomé Murillo 1617-1682. His Life and Art in Seville.
    • Bartolomé Esteban Murillo 1617-82. A Brief Comparison with Velázquez and Zurbarán.
    • Francisco de Goya
  • Culture
    • Spanish Culture Overview
    • Spanish Food. History. Introduction. 2016.
    • Spain’s Jamón Ibérico. The World’s Greatest Ham.
    • Spanish Food History: The Early Days.
    • Spanish Food History: The Romans.
    • Arab and Moorish Influence on Spanish Food.
    • Arab Moorish Influence on Agriculture in Al-Andalus.
    • Ziryab (789-857) and Spanish Food, Fashion and Etiquette.
    • Conversos and Moriscos: Tyranny of Food. 2016.
    • Bullfighting in Spain (“Corrida de toros”)
  • History
    • Spanish History Overview
    • The earliest years
    • Spain in the Palaeolithic Age
    • Spain. Copper Age: Antequera.
    • The Iberians in Spain
    • The Celts in Spain.
    • Iberians and Celts in 19th and 20th-Century Spain.
    • Tartessus
    • The Phoenicians in Spain. Why were they there?
    • The Greeks in Spain.
    • The Carthaginians in Spain.
    • Roman Conquest of Spain/Hispania.
    • Roman Legacy in Spain/Hispania.
    • Roman Roads in Spain/Hispania.
    • Roman Towns in Spain/Hispania and the Creation of Empire.
    • Roman Spain/Hispania and Christianity.
    • The Visigoths in Spain. Their Arrival and Unexpected Legacy.
    • Visigoths or “Invisigoths!” in Spain. Can we ignore them?
    • Spain. Visigoths and Unity: Monarchy. Religion. Law.
    • Spain. Visigoths and Jews.
    • Al-Andalus. History of the Rise and Fall of Islamic Spain.
    • Al-Andalus. 8th Century Invasion.
    • Al-Andalus. 8th Century. Consolidation.
    • Al-Andalus. 9th Century.
    • Al-Andalus: 10th Century. Abd al-Rahman III.
    • Al-Andalus. 10th Century. Córdoba and Culture.
    • Al-Andalus. 10th Century. Al-Mansur.
    • Al-Andalus. 11th Century. Taifa kingdoms
    • Almoravids in Al-Andalus. 11th Century.
    • Almohads in Al-Andalus. 12th Century.
    • Al-Andalus: The Survival of the Kingdom of Granada.
    • Al-Andalus: Economy.
    • Al-Andalus. Dhimmis.
    • Al-Andalus. Muwallads.
    • Al-Andalus. Mozarabs.
    • Mozarabs. Resistance Accommodation.
    • Mozarabs. A Controversial Term.
    • Mudejars. From Survival to Conversion.
    • Moriscos. Their History in Spain.
    • The Story of St. James and The Camino de Santiago.
    • Camino de Santiago. Birth, Rise and Popularity. 9th to 14th Centuries.
    • Camino de Santiago. Decline and Rebirth.
    • Camino de Santiago. Why Santiago de Compostela? Why St. James?
    • Camino de Santiago. Many Routes and Pilgrims.
    • Camino de Santiago. The Role of Royalty.
    • Asturias. León. History of Early Christian kingdoms.
    • Pamplona. Navarre. History of Early Christian kingdoms.
    • Castile. Early History and Formation.
    • Alfonso X, el Sabio 1221-84. Politics.
    • Alfonso X. El Sabio: Language and Law.
    • Alfonso X. El Sabio: Histories and Translations.
    • History of the Jews in Spain to 13th Century.
    • History of the Jews in Spain.14th-Century.
    • History of the Jews in Spain. Early 15th-Century.
    • History of the Jews and Conversos in Spain. 15th Century
    • Conquest of Granada and the End of al-Andalus.
    • History of Spain. Birth of a Nation. 16th-Century Overview.
    • Ferdinand and Isabella: Catholic Monarchs. Politics.
    • Charles V of Spain. Politics.
    • History of Spain.17th-Century Overview.
    • History of Spain.18th Century. Overview (1)
    • History of Spain.18th Century. Overview (2).
    • History of Spain.19th Century. Overview.
    • Spain’s Peninsular War 1808-14 and the Rise of Liberalism.
    • Spain. Restoration 1875-1902
    • Anarchism in Spain in the 19th Century.
    • History of Spain. 20th Century. Overview.
    • Spain. Political Regeneration and Restoration 1902-23.
    • Spain. Restoration 1902-1931. Alfonso XIII. The Monarchy.
    • Spain. Restoration 1900-1923. The Military.
    • General Miguel Primo de Rivera: The Rise of a Dictator.
    • General Miguel Primo de Rivera: The Fall of a Dictator.
    • Second Spanish Republic 1931-36. History. Overview.
    • Second Spanish Republic 1931-36. Transition to Provisional Government.
    • Second Spanish Republic. The Church June 1931-November 1933.
    • Second Spanish Republic. Agrarian Reform June 1931-November 1933.
    • Second Spanish Republic. Military Reform June 1931-November 1933.
    • Second Spanish Republic. Regional Autonomy. June 1931-November 1933.
    • Second Spanish Republic. 1931-33. Unions and Forces of Order.
    • Casas Viejas, January 1933. A Spanish Tragedy.
    • Second Spanish Republic. Nov 1933-Feb 1936. The Right Takes Charge.
    • Second Spanish Republic. Nov1933-Feb1936. The Left Reacts.
    • Second Spanish Republic. February 1936-July 1936. Prelude to Civil War.
    • Spanish Civil War: An Overview of the Causes.
    • Spanish Civil War. How it all Began: July – August 1936.
    • Spanish Civil War. Objective Madrid.
    • Spanish Civil War. Republican Disunity.
    • Spanish Civil War. International Context.
    • Spanish Civil War. An Uncivil War.
    • Spain after the Civil War. International Relations.
    • Franco Crusader Saviour?
    • The Catholic Church and the Spanish Civil War.
    • The Catholic Church after the Spanish Civil War.
    • CORDOBA. Historical Overview of Europe’s once mightiest City.
    • GRANADA to the 16th century. Muslim and Christian Presence.
    • GRANADA Spain from the 16th to 20th Century.
    • SEVILLE to 1500.
    • SEVILLE. 16th and 17th Centuries.
    • SEVILLE from 1700.
    • TOLEDO. Historical Overview of its Rise, Fall and Rebirth.
    • CATALONIA. Early History to 1000 AD.
    • Catalonia History: 11th and 12th Centuries.
    • Catalonia in the 13th Century. The Age of Expansion.
    • Catalonia in the 14th Century. Political and Social Turmoil.
    • Catalonia. History. 15th Century.
    • Catalonia. History. 18th Century.
    • Catalonia. History. 19th-Century.
    • Catalonia. Renaixença. Cultural Rebirth.
    • Catalonia. Towards a Catalan Voice.
    • Catalonia. History 1900-1923.
    • ARAGON. Early History to 1137.
  • Literature
    • Spanish Literature Overview
    • Al-Andalus. The Rich and Surprising Variety of Love Lyrics.
    • Al Andalus. Homoerotic Poetry. An Unexpected Discovery.
    • Al-Andalus. Nature in Andalusi Poetry. Originality, Variety.
    • Al-Andalus. Women Poets. Surprisingly Independent Voices.
    • The Kharjas: Early Lyrical Poetry in Spain.
    • Cantigas Gallego-Portugesas. Introduction.
    • Cantigas de amigo. Background and Analysis.
    • Cantigas de amigo. Simple Poetry and Complex Structure.
    • El Cid: Brief Biography
    • Poema de Mí­o Cid: Summary of a Self-Made Man’s Life.
    • Poema de Mío Cid: Is the Cid Spain’s Hero?
    • Poema de Mío Cid: Rodrigo de Vivar: A Different Hero.
    • Alfonso X el Sabio and the Cantigas de Sta. María.
    • Book of Good Love: Libro de buen amor. What is it about?
    • Book of Good Love: The Art of Ambiguity.
    • Book of Good Love. Libro de buen amor. Love and seduction.
    • Spanish Ballads. Historical Overview to Civil War 1936-39.
    • Spanish Ballads. Origins. Classification.
    • Spanish Ballads. Metre. Rhyme. Style.
    • Spanish Ballad. De amores trata Rodrigo. Analysis.
    • Spanish Ballad. Encima del duro suelo. Analysis.
    • Spanish Ballad: En Burgos está el buen rey.
    • La Celestina. Summary.
    • La Celestina. Author. Genre. Location.
    • La Celestina. The Upstairs World of Calisto and Melibea.
    • The Downstairs World of Celestina.
    • La Celestina. Challenge and Innovation.
    • La Celestina. Daily Needs and Survival.
    • La Celestina. Interpretation(s).
    • Spain Golden Age Literature. Early Background.
    • Spain Golden Age Literature. Innovations and Originality.
    • Romances of Chivalry. Definition and Characteristics.
    • Amadis of Gaul. Summary.
    • Amadis of Gaul. The Art of Storytelling.
    • Romances of Chivalry. Why were they so popular in Spain?
    • Spain. Romances of Chivalry. Decline of a Popular Genre.
    • Garcilaso de la Vega 1501?-1536. Life and Fame.
    • Garcilaso de la Vega. Poetic Innovations.
    • Garcilaso de la Vega. Sonnet 1. Cuando me paro … Analysis.
    • Garcilaso de la Vega. En tanto que de rosa… Analysis.
    • Lazarillo de Tormes: Summary.
    • Lázaro: The Letter Writer.
    • Lazarillo. Cynic, Saint. Knight?
    • Lazarillo de Tormes and Reality.
    • Fray Luis de León 1527-91. Life and Work.
    • Fray Luis de León. Noche Serena and the Path to Truth.
    • San Juan de la Cruz: Noche oscura. Analysis.
    • San Juan de la Cruz . Llama de amor viva. Analysis.
    • Góngora. Brief Biography of a Gambler, Rebel, Poet.
    • Luis de Góngora. Andeme yo caliente/…1581
    • Góngora. Mientras por competir… Analysis.
    • Góngora and Gongorismo or the Art of Obscurity.
    • Quevedo: Poderoso caballero… Analysis.
    • Quevedo: ¡Ah de la vida!…
    • Quevedo. Bermejazo platero de las cumbres.
    • Quevedo. El Buscón. Introduction and Language.
    • Quevedo. El Buscón. Why is the Role of Conversos Important?
    • Quevedo. El Buscón. Book I. Summary.
    • Quevedo. El Buscón. Book II. Summary.
    • Quevedo. El Buscón. Book III. Summary.
    • Alemán. Guzmán de Alfarache. Introduction.
    • Alemán. Guzman de Alfarache. New Epic or Novel?
    • Alemán. Guzmán de Alfarache. From Equality to Heroism.
    • Cervantes. Life. Part I. 1547-80.
    • Cervantes. Life. Part II. 1580-1616.
    • Cervantes: What is it about Titles?
    • Cervantes: What is it about the title “Don Quixote”?
    • Don Quixote Part I (1605). Summary.
    • Don Quixote Part II (1615): Summary.
    • Don Quixote: A Famous Failure.
    • Don Quixote. Hero or Fool?
    • Don Quixote and the Real World. Part I (1605).
    • Don Quixote and the Real World. Part II (1615).
    • Don Quixote’s Squire Sancho Panza.
    • Don Quixote. An Authoritarian’s Nightmare.
    • Don Quixote: The “True”Story
    • Don Quixote. Hero or Religious Extremist?
    • Lope de Vega. Fuenteovejuna. Summary.
    • Calderón. La vida es sueño. Summary.
    • Life is a Dream. La Vida es Sueño. Act I. Scenes 1 to 4.
    • Tirso de Molina. EL Burlador de Sevilla. Summary.
    • Don Juan…the Devil
    • Tirso de Molina. Burlador de Sevilla. Don Juan and Honour.
    • Generation of 1898. What Does the Term Mean?
    • Generation of 1898. Precursors and the “Problem of Spain.”
    • Angel Ganivet (1865-1898). Idearium español. 1897.
    • Lorca: The House of Bernarda Alba. Summary Act I.
    • Lorca: The House of Bernarda Alba. Summary. Acts II and III.
    • Lorca. The House of Bernarda Alba: The House.
    • Lorca. The House of Bernarda Alba. Characters: Bernarda.
    • Lorca. The House of Bernarda Alba. Characters: Bernarda’s Daughters.
    • Lorca. The House of Bernarda Alba. Characters: La Poncia.
    • Lorca. The House of Bernarda Alba. Characters: Pepe el Romano.
  • Travel
    • Spanish Travel Overiew
    • General Map of Spain.
    • Geography of Spain.
    • The Spanish Coast.
    • Spain. The North Coast.
    • Las Rías
    • Spanish Coast. La Costa Verde.
    • Spanish Coast. La Costa Vasca.
    • Spanish Coast. La Costa Cantábrica.
    • Spain. The Mediterranean Coast.
    • La Costa de la Luz
    • Spain. Mountains.
    • Spain. The Meseta.
    • Spain. Rivers.
    • Spain. Water Problems. Drought, Irrigation and Protection.
    • Spain: UNESCO World Heritage Sites
    • Visiting Córdoba, a “Silent” City with Dazzling Sights.
    • Visiting Toledo. A Journey into the History of a Country.
    • Travel Itinerary: 2013 Trip to Spain.
    • Travel 2013: Barcelona Arrival
    • Travel 2013. Day 1. Barcelona
    • Travel 2013. Day 2. Barcelona
    • Travel 2013. Day 3. Barcelona to Cuenca
    • Travel 2013. Day 4. Cuenca to Granada
    • Travel 2013. Day 5 (1). Granada
    • Granada. Spain. Travel 2013. Day 5. Royal Chapel, Albaicín.
    • Travel 2013. Day 6. Las Alpujarras
    • Travel 2013. Day 7. Granada La Hoya
    • Travel 2013. Day 8. La Hoya to Carmona
    • Travel 2013. Day 9 (1). Carmona Seville
    • Travel 2013. Day 9 (2) Seville
    • Travel 2013. Day 10 (1) Carmona Córdoba
    • Travel 2013. Day 10 (2) Cordoba Almagro
    • Travel 2013. Day 11. Almagro to Madrid
    • Travel 2013. Day 12 (1) Madrid
    • Travel 2013. Day 12 (2) Madrid
    • Travel 2013. Day 13 Madrid to Segovia
    • Travel 2013. Day 14 Segovia El Burgo de Osma
    • Travel 2013 Day 15 Berlanga, Baudelio, Gormaz
    • Travel 2013. Day 15 (2) Calatañazor
    • Travel 2013. Day 16. Burgo de O to Sos del Rey
    • Travel 2013. Day 17 Sos and Leyre Monastery
    • Travel 2013 Day 18. San Juan de la Peña and Alquézar
    • Travel 2013. Day 19. Alquézar
    • Travel 2017: Itinerary and Arrival.
    • Travel 2017. Day 1. Madrid Bilbao.
    • Travel 2017. Day 2. Bilbao, Guggenheim Museum. Argoños
    • Travel 2017. Day 3. Argoños.
    • Travel 2017. Day 4. Santillana del Mar.
    • Travel 2017. Day 5. Comillas. Gaudí’s El Capricho.
    • Travel 2017. Day 6. Bárcena Mayor.
    • Travel 2017. Day 7. Santillana to Oviedo.
    • Travel 2017. Day 8. Oviedo Bárzana.
    • Travel 2017. Day 9. Oviedo Ribadeo.
    • Spain. Climate Change, Drought, Heatwaves and Solutions.

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Published March 18, 2022 at 305 × 421 in Second Spanish Republic. The Church June 1931-November 1933.

Fernando de los Rios

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  • Architecture
    • Spanish Architecture Overview
    • Medieval Architecture in Spain.
    • Architecture as Cultural Signpost in Spain.
    • The Great Mosque of Córdoba. La Mezquita.
    • Inside the Great Mosque of Córdoba, Spain.
    • Córdoba’s Cathedral is a Mosque!
    • Córdoba’s Mosque: Muslim Calligraphy and Christian Imagery
    • Alhambra. Historical Introduction.
    • The Alhambra: What’s inside?
    • Entering the Alhambra.
    • Inside the Alhambra. The Nasrid Palace.
    • The Alhambra: Court of the Lions
    • Alhambra. A Case of Two Palaces.
    • Alhambra: The Architecture of Palaces and Power.
    • Alhambra. Architecture with Poetry and Arabesque.
    • San Baudelio. A Gem of Mozarabic Architecture.
    • Castles in Spain. History.
    • Romanesque Architecture. Characteristics.
    • Romanesque Architecture. Catalonia’s Unique Style.
    • Romanesque in Aragón, Navarra, Castile-León
    • Church Architecture and the Reconquista.
    • Cistercian Architecture in Spain.
    • Gothic Architecture. Characteristics.
    • Four Spanish Gothic Cathedrals: Their Historical Meaning.
    • Burgos Cathedral.
    • Renaissance Architecture in 16th-Century Spain
    • Plateresque Style in Spain’s Golden Age Architecture.
    • Charles V’s Palace in the Alhambra. Golden Age Architecture.
    • El Escorial. History, Content, Significance.
    • Antoni Gaudí 1852-1926. A Catalan Architect Par Excellence.
    • Gaudi. El Capricho. Comillas. An Oriental, Gothic Fantasy.
    • Gaudí. Casa Batlló, La Pedrera, Park Güell.
    • Gaudí. La Sagrada Familia. History.
    • Gaudí. La Sagrada Familia.
  • Art
    • Spanish Art Overview
    • Cave Paintings in Spain
    • Romanesque Art and Sculpture in Spain
    • Painting in Spain’s Golden Age. Background and Overview.
    • Spanish Golden Age Art: Religion, Portraits, Landscapes.
    • Golden Age Religious Painting and Flemish Influence.
    • Golden Age Religious Painting and Italian Influence
    • Golden Age Art: Religion, Politics, Art in the 16th Century.
    • Spanish Golden Age Art: Portraits and their Significance.
    • El Greco’s Art: Visionary, Dematerialised, Unearthly.
    • Velázquez’s Early Years and Seville, 1599-1623.
    • Velázquez’s Early Paintings. The Seville Years. 1599-1623.
    • Velázquez. The Immaculate Conception. Vision of St. John.
    • Velázquez’s Adoration of the Magi 1619.
    • Velázquez. Christ in the House of Martha and Mary. The Supper at Emmaus.
    • Velázquez (1599-1660). Bodegones and Daily Life.
    • Velázquez: From Seville to Madrid (The Court) 1623-31.
    • Velázquez. Madrid. Italy. Madrid.1631-60.
    • Velázquez and Classical Mythology. The Rokeby Venus.
    • Velázquez. Mythology. Bacchus. Vulcan. Mars. Mercury.
    • Velázquez. Las Hilanderas or The Fable of Arachne.
    • Velázquez. Las Meninas. Introduction and Status Symbol.
    • Velázquez: Las Meninas (1656) and Reality.
    • Zurbarán 1598-1664. Brief Biography and Review of his Art.
    • Zurbarán. Christ on the Cross. Temptation of St. Jerome.
    • Bartolomé Murillo 1617-1682. His Life and Art in Seville.
    • Bartolomé Esteban Murillo 1617-82. A Brief Comparison with Velázquez and Zurbarán.
    • Francisco de Goya
  • Culture
    • Spanish Culture Overview
    • Spanish Food. History. Introduction. 2016.
    • Spain’s Jamón Ibérico. The World’s Greatest Ham.
    • Spanish Food History: The Early Days.
    • Spanish Food History: The Romans.
    • Arab and Moorish Influence on Spanish Food.
    • Arab Moorish Influence on Agriculture in Al-Andalus.
    • Ziryab (789-857) and Spanish Food, Fashion and Etiquette.
    • Conversos and Moriscos: Tyranny of Food. 2016.
    • Bullfighting in Spain (“Corrida de toros”)
  • History
    • Spanish History Overview
    • The earliest years
    • Spain in the Palaeolithic Age
    • Spain. Copper Age: Antequera.
    • The Iberians in Spain
    • The Celts in Spain.
    • Iberians and Celts in 19th and 20th-Century Spain.
    • Tartessus
    • The Phoenicians in Spain. Why were they there?
    • The Greeks in Spain.
    • The Carthaginians in Spain.
    • Roman Conquest of Spain/Hispania.
    • Roman Legacy in Spain/Hispania.
    • Roman Roads in Spain/Hispania.
    • Roman Towns in Spain/Hispania and the Creation of Empire.
    • Roman Spain/Hispania and Christianity.
    • The Visigoths in Spain. Their Arrival and Unexpected Legacy.
    • Visigoths or “Invisigoths!” in Spain. Can we ignore them?
    • Spain. Visigoths and Unity: Monarchy. Religion. Law.
    • Spain. Visigoths and Jews.
    • Al-Andalus. History of the Rise and Fall of Islamic Spain.
    • Al-Andalus. 8th Century Invasion.
    • Al-Andalus. 8th Century. Consolidation.
    • Al-Andalus. 9th Century.
    • Al-Andalus: 10th Century. Abd al-Rahman III.
    • Al-Andalus. 10th Century. Córdoba and Culture.
    • Al-Andalus. 10th Century. Al-Mansur.
    • Al-Andalus. 11th Century. Taifa kingdoms
    • Almoravids in Al-Andalus. 11th Century.
    • Almohads in Al-Andalus. 12th Century.
    • Al-Andalus: The Survival of the Kingdom of Granada.
    • Al-Andalus: Economy.
    • Al-Andalus. Dhimmis.
    • Al-Andalus. Muwallads.
    • Al-Andalus. Mozarabs.
    • Mozarabs. Resistance Accommodation.
    • Mozarabs. A Controversial Term.
    • Mudejars. From Survival to Conversion.
    • Moriscos. Their History in Spain.
    • The Story of St. James and The Camino de Santiago.
    • Camino de Santiago. Birth, Rise and Popularity. 9th to 14th Centuries.
    • Camino de Santiago. Decline and Rebirth.
    • Camino de Santiago. Why Santiago de Compostela? Why St. James?
    • Camino de Santiago. Many Routes and Pilgrims.
    • Camino de Santiago. The Role of Royalty.
    • Asturias. León. History of Early Christian kingdoms.
    • Pamplona. Navarre. History of Early Christian kingdoms.
    • Castile. Early History and Formation.
    • Alfonso X, el Sabio 1221-84. Politics.
    • Alfonso X. El Sabio: Language and Law.
    • Alfonso X. El Sabio: Histories and Translations.
    • History of the Jews in Spain to 13th Century.
    • History of the Jews in Spain.14th-Century.
    • History of the Jews in Spain. Early 15th-Century.
    • History of the Jews and Conversos in Spain. 15th Century
    • Conquest of Granada and the End of al-Andalus.
    • History of Spain. Birth of a Nation. 16th-Century Overview.
    • Ferdinand and Isabella: Catholic Monarchs. Politics.
    • Charles V of Spain. Politics.
    • History of Spain.17th-Century Overview.
    • History of Spain.18th Century. Overview (1)
    • History of Spain.18th Century. Overview (2).
    • History of Spain.19th Century. Overview.
    • Spain’s Peninsular War 1808-14 and the Rise of Liberalism.
    • Spain. Restoration 1875-1902
    • Anarchism in Spain in the 19th Century.
    • History of Spain. 20th Century. Overview.
    • Spain. Political Regeneration and Restoration 1902-23.
    • Spain. Restoration 1902-1931. Alfonso XIII. The Monarchy.
    • Spain. Restoration 1900-1923. The Military.
    • General Miguel Primo de Rivera: The Rise of a Dictator.
    • General Miguel Primo de Rivera: The Fall of a Dictator.
    • Second Spanish Republic 1931-36. History. Overview.
    • Second Spanish Republic 1931-36. Transition to Provisional Government.
    • Second Spanish Republic. The Church June 1931-November 1933.
    • Second Spanish Republic. Agrarian Reform June 1931-November 1933.
    • Second Spanish Republic. Military Reform June 1931-November 1933.
    • Second Spanish Republic. Regional Autonomy. June 1931-November 1933.
    • Second Spanish Republic. 1931-33. Unions and Forces of Order.
    • Casas Viejas, January 1933. A Spanish Tragedy.
    • Second Spanish Republic. Nov 1933-Feb 1936. The Right Takes Charge.
    • Second Spanish Republic. Nov1933-Feb1936. The Left Reacts.
    • Second Spanish Republic. February 1936-July 1936. Prelude to Civil War.
    • Spanish Civil War: An Overview of the Causes.
    • Spanish Civil War. How it all Began: July – August 1936.
    • Spanish Civil War. Objective Madrid.
    • Spanish Civil War. Republican Disunity.
    • Spanish Civil War. International Context.
    • Spanish Civil War. An Uncivil War.
    • Spain after the Civil War. International Relations.
    • Franco Crusader Saviour?
    • The Catholic Church and the Spanish Civil War.
    • The Catholic Church after the Spanish Civil War.
    • CORDOBA. Historical Overview of Europe’s once mightiest City.
    • GRANADA to the 16th century. Muslim and Christian Presence.
    • GRANADA Spain from the 16th to 20th Century.
    • SEVILLE to 1500.
    • SEVILLE. 16th and 17th Centuries.
    • SEVILLE from 1700.
    • TOLEDO. Historical Overview of its Rise, Fall and Rebirth.
    • CATALONIA. Early History to 1000 AD.
    • Catalonia History: 11th and 12th Centuries.
    • Catalonia in the 13th Century. The Age of Expansion.
    • Catalonia in the 14th Century. Political and Social Turmoil.
    • Catalonia. History. 15th Century.
    • Catalonia. History. 18th Century.
    • Catalonia. History. 19th-Century.
    • Catalonia. Renaixença. Cultural Rebirth.
    • Catalonia. Towards a Catalan Voice.
    • Catalonia. History 1900-1923.
    • ARAGON. Early History to 1137.
  • Literature
    • Spanish Literature Overview
    • Al-Andalus. The Rich and Surprising Variety of Love Lyrics.
    • Al Andalus. Homoerotic Poetry. An Unexpected Discovery.
    • Al-Andalus. Nature in Andalusi Poetry. Originality, Variety.
    • Al-Andalus. Women Poets. Surprisingly Independent Voices.
    • The Kharjas: Early Lyrical Poetry in Spain.
    • Cantigas Gallego-Portugesas. Introduction.
    • Cantigas de amigo. Background and Analysis.
    • Cantigas de amigo. Simple Poetry and Complex Structure.
    • El Cid: Brief Biography
    • Poema de Mí­o Cid: Summary of a Self-Made Man’s Life.
    • Poema de Mío Cid: Is the Cid Spain’s Hero?
    • Poema de Mío Cid: Rodrigo de Vivar: A Different Hero.
    • Alfonso X el Sabio and the Cantigas de Sta. María.
    • Book of Good Love: Libro de buen amor. What is it about?
    • Book of Good Love: The Art of Ambiguity.
    • Book of Good Love. Libro de buen amor. Love and seduction.
    • Spanish Ballads. Historical Overview to Civil War 1936-39.
    • Spanish Ballads. Origins. Classification.
    • Spanish Ballads. Metre. Rhyme. Style.
    • Spanish Ballad. De amores trata Rodrigo. Analysis.
    • Spanish Ballad. Encima del duro suelo. Analysis.
    • Spanish Ballad: En Burgos está el buen rey.
    • La Celestina. Summary.
    • La Celestina. Author. Genre. Location.
    • La Celestina. The Upstairs World of Calisto and Melibea.
    • The Downstairs World of Celestina.
    • La Celestina. Challenge and Innovation.
    • La Celestina. Daily Needs and Survival.
    • La Celestina. Interpretation(s).
    • Spain Golden Age Literature. Early Background.
    • Spain Golden Age Literature. Innovations and Originality.
    • Romances of Chivalry. Definition and Characteristics.
    • Amadis of Gaul. Summary.
    • Amadis of Gaul. The Art of Storytelling.
    • Romances of Chivalry. Why were they so popular in Spain?
    • Spain. Romances of Chivalry. Decline of a Popular Genre.
    • Garcilaso de la Vega 1501?-1536. Life and Fame.
    • Garcilaso de la Vega. Poetic Innovations.
    • Garcilaso de la Vega. Sonnet 1. Cuando me paro … Analysis.
    • Garcilaso de la Vega. En tanto que de rosa… Analysis.
    • Lazarillo de Tormes: Summary.
    • Lázaro: The Letter Writer.
    • Lazarillo. Cynic, Saint. Knight?
    • Lazarillo de Tormes and Reality.
    • Fray Luis de León 1527-91. Life and Work.
    • Fray Luis de León. Noche Serena and the Path to Truth.
    • San Juan de la Cruz: Noche oscura. Analysis.
    • San Juan de la Cruz . Llama de amor viva. Analysis.
    • Góngora. Brief Biography of a Gambler, Rebel, Poet.
    • Luis de Góngora. Andeme yo caliente/…1581
    • Góngora. Mientras por competir… Analysis.
    • Góngora and Gongorismo or the Art of Obscurity.
    • Quevedo: Poderoso caballero… Analysis.
    • Quevedo: ¡Ah de la vida!…
    • Quevedo. Bermejazo platero de las cumbres.
    • Quevedo. El Buscón. Introduction and Language.
    • Quevedo. El Buscón. Why is the Role of Conversos Important?
    • Quevedo. El Buscón. Book I. Summary.
    • Quevedo. El Buscón. Book II. Summary.
    • Quevedo. El Buscón. Book III. Summary.
    • Alemán. Guzmán de Alfarache. Introduction.
    • Alemán. Guzman de Alfarache. New Epic or Novel?
    • Alemán. Guzmán de Alfarache. From Equality to Heroism.
    • Cervantes. Life. Part I. 1547-80.
    • Cervantes. Life. Part II. 1580-1616.
    • Cervantes: What is it about Titles?
    • Cervantes: What is it about the title “Don Quixote”?
    • Don Quixote Part I (1605). Summary.
    • Don Quixote Part II (1615): Summary.
    • Don Quixote: A Famous Failure.
    • Don Quixote. Hero or Fool?
    • Don Quixote and the Real World. Part I (1605).
    • Don Quixote and the Real World. Part II (1615).
    • Don Quixote’s Squire Sancho Panza.
    • Don Quixote. An Authoritarian’s Nightmare.
    • Don Quixote: The “True”Story
    • Don Quixote. Hero or Religious Extremist?
    • Lope de Vega. Fuenteovejuna. Summary.
    • Calderón. La vida es sueño. Summary.
    • Life is a Dream. La Vida es Sueño. Act I. Scenes 1 to 4.
    • Tirso de Molina. EL Burlador de Sevilla. Summary.
    • Don Juan…the Devil
    • Tirso de Molina. Burlador de Sevilla. Don Juan and Honour.
    • Generation of 1898. What Does the Term Mean?
    • Generation of 1898. Precursors and the “Problem of Spain.”
    • Angel Ganivet (1865-1898). Idearium español. 1897.
    • Lorca: The House of Bernarda Alba. Summary Act I.
    • Lorca: The House of Bernarda Alba. Summary. Acts II and III.
    • Lorca. The House of Bernarda Alba: The House.
    • Lorca. The House of Bernarda Alba. Characters: Bernarda.
    • Lorca. The House of Bernarda Alba. Characters: Bernarda’s Daughters.
    • Lorca. The House of Bernarda Alba. Characters: La Poncia.
    • Lorca. The House of Bernarda Alba. Characters: Pepe el Romano.
  • Travel
    • Spanish Travel Overiew
    • General Map of Spain.
    • Geography of Spain.
    • The Spanish Coast.
    • Spain. The North Coast.
    • Las Rías
    • Spanish Coast. La Costa Verde.
    • Spanish Coast. La Costa Vasca.
    • Spanish Coast. La Costa Cantábrica.
    • Spain. The Mediterranean Coast.
    • La Costa de la Luz
    • Spain. Mountains.
    • Spain. The Meseta.
    • Spain. Rivers.
    • Spain. Water Problems. Drought, Irrigation and Protection.
    • Spain: UNESCO World Heritage Sites
    • Visiting Córdoba, a “Silent” City with Dazzling Sights.
    • Visiting Toledo. A Journey into the History of a Country.
    • Travel Itinerary: 2013 Trip to Spain.
    • Travel 2013: Barcelona Arrival
    • Travel 2013. Day 1. Barcelona
    • Travel 2013. Day 2. Barcelona
    • Travel 2013. Day 3. Barcelona to Cuenca
    • Travel 2013. Day 4. Cuenca to Granada
    • Travel 2013. Day 5 (1). Granada
    • Granada. Spain. Travel 2013. Day 5. Royal Chapel, Albaicín.
    • Travel 2013. Day 6. Las Alpujarras
    • Travel 2013. Day 7. Granada La Hoya
    • Travel 2013. Day 8. La Hoya to Carmona
    • Travel 2013. Day 9 (1). Carmona Seville
    • Travel 2013. Day 9 (2) Seville
    • Travel 2013. Day 10 (1) Carmona Córdoba
    • Travel 2013. Day 10 (2) Cordoba Almagro
    • Travel 2013. Day 11. Almagro to Madrid
    • Travel 2013. Day 12 (1) Madrid
    • Travel 2013. Day 12 (2) Madrid
    • Travel 2013. Day 13 Madrid to Segovia
    • Travel 2013. Day 14 Segovia El Burgo de Osma
    • Travel 2013 Day 15 Berlanga, Baudelio, Gormaz
    • Travel 2013. Day 15 (2) Calatañazor
    • Travel 2013. Day 16. Burgo de O to Sos del Rey
    • Travel 2013. Day 17 Sos and Leyre Monastery
    • Travel 2013 Day 18. San Juan de la Peña and Alquézar
    • Travel 2013. Day 19. Alquézar
    • Travel 2017: Itinerary and Arrival.
    • Travel 2017. Day 1. Madrid Bilbao.
    • Travel 2017. Day 2. Bilbao, Guggenheim Museum. Argoños
    • Travel 2017. Day 3. Argoños.
    • Travel 2017. Day 4. Santillana del Mar.
    • Travel 2017. Day 5. Comillas. Gaudí’s El Capricho.
    • Travel 2017. Day 6. Bárcena Mayor.
    • Travel 2017. Day 7. Santillana to Oviedo.
    • Travel 2017. Day 8. Oviedo Bárzana.
    • Travel 2017. Day 9. Oviedo Ribadeo.
    • Spain. Climate Change, Drought, Heatwaves and Solutions.
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