Monarchs: Philip III (ruled 1598-1621), Philip IV (r 1621-1665), Charles II (r 1665-1700). In contrast to Spain’s startling growth of political power and prestige during the 16th century, the 17th century commonly seen as one of “decline.” Not merely historical hindsight, this view was articulated in the early 17th century by a group of writers … Continue reading History of Spain.17th-Century Overview.